Almost 2.5 million Ukrainian refugees have fled to Poland since the Russian invasion began, and more than 350,000 have entered Hungary. But in 2015, when then-German Chancellor Angela Merkel allowed 1.1 million asylum seekers — about 40 percent of whom were Syrian — to enter Germany, Poland and Hungary firmly closed their borders to people escaping the carnage in the Middle East.
These divergent reations have made some people, mostly ‘progressives’, very angry. Surely, they argue, using tear gas and water cannons to hold back Arab asylum seekers at the Hungarian border but welcoming Ukrainians with open arms amounts to racial bias, or even ‘white supremacy’.
All human lives are equally precious. From a moral point of view, there is no difference between a traumatized young man from Aleppo and a desperate mother from Kharkiv. But, for practical and psychological reasons, countries distinguish between refugees on the basis of culture, religion, language, and politics. This is especially true of countries with relatively homogeneous populations, like Poland today. Similarly, while Thailand has previously taken in hundreds of thousands of refugees from Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar, admitting a million Ukrainians would be unthinkable to most Thais. After all, integrating people from neighboring countries is difficult enough.
Most people, Thais as much as Poles, find it easier to identify with the fate of those who resemble them, not just physically, but also in terms of social and cultural background. The suffering of others feels more remote. This is not fair. Ideally, such distinctions should make no difference. But true universalists are rare.
In fact, those on the left who embrace the causes of what used to be called the Third World, and are quick to denounce others as racists, are themselves sometimes guilty of prejudice. The same people who fly into a towering rage over every injustice suffered by Palestinians at the hands of the Israeli authorities are often much less exercised by even worse atrocities committed in Eritrea, Sudan, or Myanmar.
This, too, has much to do with identification. Many Israelis have European roots, and violence in Gaza or the West Bank reminds Western anti-imperialists too much of Europe’s colonial past. Something similar used to shape attitudes toward South Africa. Apartheid was a wicked system. But the fact that it was devised by white men somehow made it seem worse than the murderous regimes of Mobutu Sese Seko in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or Idi Amin in Uganda. Such views betray, however unconsciously, a pernicious double standard. It is as if one cannot expect Congolese or Ugandans to have the same understanding of human rights that white people do, but that Israelis, who are more like Europeans, should know better.
Sharing a common territory is no guarantee of decent behavior, either. In fact, the opposite can be the case. Civil wars are often even more barbarous than wars between different countries. Think of the bloody partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, or the genocide in Rwanda and the slaughters in the Balkans in the 1990s. Killing in such conflicts is almost always preceded by unspeakable degradations, with linguistic, religious, or ethnic differences politicized to the point of lethal salience.
Social intimacy must account for this brutality to some extent. Hacking to death a neighbor whose children attended birthday parties at your home cannot be easy, and requires overcoming inhibitions. Before you can kill someone you know so well, he or she must be degraded, robbed of all dignity, and reduced to nothing you can recognize as human anymore. That is why Rwandan Hutus were whipped into a frenzy by agitators who urged them to hunt and kill Tutsi ‘cockroaches’. To Hutu chauvinists, Tutsis were creatures worthy only of extermination.
Even before Russia invaded Ukraine, a civil war had been raging since 2014 between Russian speakers in the east and Ukrainian speakers in the west. In fact, Ukraine is more complicated than that. President Volodymyr Zelensky, who has courageously stood up to Russia’s aggression, is a native Russian speaker, and the Russian speakers in Kharkiv, Mariupol, Odessa, and elsewhere identify with Ukraine, not Russia.
Russian and Ukrainian cultural, religious, and linguistic identity overlaps in many ways. But the war has put the lie to Russian President Vladimir Putin’s claims that Ukraine is not a real country, and that Ukrainians are not a real people. Whereas many Russian soldiers appear not to have a clue what they are fighting for, Ukrainians do not have to be told.
Tragically, the narcissism of small differences can engender great hatred. A recording of Ukrainian soldiers shooting with machine guns at chained-up Russian prisoners of war was initially dismissed as more Russian propaganda. But we should not have been surprised when it turned out to be real. And evidence has recently emerged of atrocities apparently committed by Russian troops against Ukrainian civilians, including torture, sexual assault, and executions.
So, let us praise Poles and Hungarians for offering a helping hand to Ukrainians who desperately need one. It would be wonderful if Europeans showed the same sympathy toward Syrians, Afghans, and other victims of wars outside the continent. But the fact that on the whole they do not is no reason to smear East Europeans as white supremacists. Human compassion is a rare enough commodity that we should be grateful whenever it appears.
IAN BURUMA
Author, most recently, of The Churchill Complex: The Curse of Being Special, From Winston and FDR to Trump and Brexit.
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