The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations body tasked with providing scientific evidence and consensus on climate change and its implications for decision-makers and the public, in its latest report presents challenges that have irreversible consequences for people and the planet. Unless the global community responds readily and positively to these environmental challenges, the social, economic and political impacts could be catastrophic.
To avoid severe economic and social shocks and protect essential ecosystems, we urgently need to limit the increase in global temperature to within 1.5° Celsius of the pre-industrial level. Achieving the required reductions in greenhouse gas emissions will require boldness, creativity, and some hard choices. But Costa Rica’s experience shows that, in the long run, what is gained far outweighs the sacrifices for all.
Climate change is not the first daunting challenge our country — among the world’s most biodiverse countries per square meter — has had to overcome to preserve its natural beauty. Deforestation for cattle grazing nearly halved the land covered by forest over the four decades prior to 1986. Government investment in protecting these natural assets was essential, which meant eliminating subsidies for the cattle industry and perverse incentives for agrarian reform.
With subsidies and negative incentives gone, Costa Rica’s cattle population dropped by a third, taking pressure off grazing lands. In the nearly four decades since, forests have recovered and now cover more than half the country. And while forest cover doubled, Costa Rica’s per capita income tripled. From this foundation, the economy has grown sustainably and the country has become a world leader in ecotourism.
Now, as this latest IPCC report makes clear, rising temperature is the new threat to both biodiversity and our economy. We all must combat it. Costa Rica, for its part, has set what former president Carlos Alvarado has called the ‘titanic and beautiful task’ of decarbonizing the economy. One of the goals of the national decarbonization plan is to ensure that the market properly accounts for the costs of climate change.
This policy has the effect of rendering fossil fuels economically uncompetitive — and creating incentives to use Costa Rica’s nearly 100 percent renewable power in the transportation sector to cut our dependence on oil. A moratorium on oil and gas exploitation, respected by five different governments, reinforces these incentives. Making the energy sector work properly — an objective that unites both environmentalists and economists — means recognizing that a short-term economic boost cannot justify the long-term costs of fossil fuels.
Government has an important role to play in achieving decarbonization. But the work of non-state actors such as local businesses and communities will also be essential. For this reason, government policy has focused on boosting community-based low-impact tourism initiatives that value local knowledge. The Costa Rican experience shows that environmental stewardship is a job done best by alliances between local people and national leaders, united by the common cause of conservation.
At its heart, Costa Rica’s approach to climate change is about people, not industry and markets. Our commitment to tackling climate change is based on an understanding of the enormous health risks and costs that arise from inaction. Costa Rica devotes significant resources to tackling problems like dengue fever and malaria because our people remain our most important asset. And staying below the 1.5°C limit will mean 3.3 million fewer cases of dengue fever annually in Latin America and the Caribbean, fewer people at risk of malaria, and less food instability and poor nutrition caused by higher temperatures and unstable weather patterns.
Costa Rica is proud to be leading the world by putting this approach into practice. As a result, we are one of the few countries ready to exceed our commitments under the Paris climate agreement. Not all of the changes will be easy, and getting them right will require perseverance and a commitment to adaptability. Other countries that agreed as part of the Paris agreement to boost the ambition of their national climate plans by 2020 can learn from our experience in aiming for decarbonization, investing in natural assets, and recognizing the importance of the climate for a healthy population.
One of the most obvious lessons is the interdependence of these policies. Climate change is a collective problem, no single policy is enough, and no country can solve it alone. But this interdependence cannot be an excuse for paralysis. Limiting warming to 1.5° Celsius is a goal around which we can all unite in diverse ways.
The next United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 28, to be held in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates,provides an opportunity for political leaders to prove they understand the science underpinning the IPCC report, and are ready to take ambitious steps to achieve the 1.5° target. Unless all of us do so, the consequences will spare none of us.
Monica Araya
Executive Director, International, at the European Climate Foundation since March 2024. The founder and Executive Director of Nivela, leads the citizens group Costa Rica Limpia.
Carlos Manuel Rodriguez
Former Costa Rican Minister of Environment and Energy, is CEO and Chairperson of the Global Environment Facility.
Copyright: Project Syndicate.
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